The registration of the characteristics of the muscular responses caused by such activation types as transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebral cortex, magnetic and electrical stimulation of the spinal cord at the C7-T1 and T11-T12 vertebrae levels, as well as peripheral nerves of the upper and lower extremities, reveals the mechanisms of structural-functional interaction Cortical, spinal and peripheral parts of the motor system and analyze the peculiarities of the changes occurring in them under the influence of various types of muscular activity. A series of own studies using these stimulation methods have shown that the direction of long-term sports activity determines the signs of plastic reconstructions in the functioning of cortico-spinal and peripheral nervous structures that exercise motor control and innervation of skeletal muscles. Their greatest manifestation was found in athletes who regularly perform cyclic endurance work in high power mode (athletes), as well as power acyclic (powerlifters) and high-speed cyclic loads (athletes-sprinters) of high power in comparison with athletes adapted to muscular activity variable power with predominantly acyclic structure of movements (basketball players) and cyclic operation of submaximal power (runners for medium distances). It was revealed that athletes, depending on their specialization with magnetic and electrical effects on the spinal and peripheral nervous structures, found unidirectional changes in the characteristics of the motor responses caused.